Find out what ancient Greek theatre was like and learn about different ancient Greek festivals and art. For background detail on Greek theatre productions at the National Theatre, see our online exhibit http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/exhibit/greek-drama-at-the-national-theatre/gQY_KfFnThis film explores the defining aspects of Greek Theatre. Discover ancient Greek temples, gods and heroes. Some sopranos can sing one or more octaves above high C using the whistle . The shape of the theatres gave everyone in the audience excellent viewing and also meant they could hear the actors well too. The Ancient Greeks worshipped lots of Gods and Goddesses, for different things! Lesson 2 : Objective: To explore features of Greek Theatre and how chorus is used within Greek Theatre (AO2) Lesson 3 : Objective: To understand the key features of comedy and tragedy in Greek Theatre. All he had to do was switch masks. They were the first to present performances in the form of hymns sung to the Greek god Dionysus *. This film looks at a central conflict within the play of Antigone; Creons belief in the state weighed against the actions of his family. The audience would throw food and stones if they thought the acting wasnt good enough! Under the empire, there were a few female actresses who performed on major stages, in the stone theatres. Learn about everyday life in ancient Greece. One was to lift an actor into Athens Drama Festival originated from the Great Dionysia, a festival where people would take part in performances that explored great issues in their society. Greek statue of a woman. ancient Greeks. The theatre of Ancient Greece flourished between 550 BC and 220 BC. In this disguise he could say and do things that could not be said and done in everyday life, and could present to the audience events, actions and ideas that were horrifying or ridiculous, inspiring or fantastic. Find out what ancient Greek theatre was like and learn about different ancient Greek festivals and art. Pictures were sometimes hung from the skene to create the background. http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/interactives/greece/theater/stageTragedy.html, Slideshow introduction to Greek theatre http://www.slideshare.net/mharring/greek-theatre, List of ancient Greek theatres With links to individual entries. The Greeks pretty much invented the theatre. Many aspects of Greek culture were very competitive and the festivals took the form of competitions with great prestige to be gained by the winning playwrights and citizen-producers. The other machine Learn about Greek theatre, pottery and festivals. Find out about their gods and the stories told about them. So, if you want to know all about the history, main playwrights and performances of Ancient Greek tragedy you're in the right place! BUY OUR MERCH https://www.worldhistory.store/ SUPPORT US VIA OUR PATREONhttps://www.worldhistory.org/patreon/ CHAPTERS 0:00 Introduction 0:47 Origins of Greek Theatre and Tragedy3:33 The Competition of Greek Tragedy and Satyr Plays5:54 Aeschylus, Euripides and Sophocles8:00 The Legacy of Greek Tragedy9:15 Outro and End Page WANT TO KNOW MORE? idea ancient greek theatre headlong. At first, theatres were only used for festivals. Greek theatre masks have been in use since 6th century BCE. The Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses. For most of its early practitioners, despite the new energising of historical studies at large, theatre history seemed inescapably a branch of literature, more about theatre than about history, fathered by a devotion to the plays of William Shakespeare, and centred upon or at least sheltered within an activity whose closest affinity was . Registered Office: Upper Ground, London SE1 9PX, American Associates of the National Theatre. Thousands of people watched plays by famous writers like. : Appeasement Anti-Comintern Pact, but finland never really joined the Axis attested to the open preparation of the Pact. Discover different ancient Greek cities and find out how they were ruled. The emergence of guilds and booming incomes led to a boom in Medieval Theatres. This is a survey of ancient Greek history from the Bronze Age to the death of Socrates in 399 BCE. The actors wore masks. http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/video/an-introduction-to-greek-theatre-0, Video introduction to masks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jToXlJQZC_g, Overview of Greek theatre Follow the Theaters link for an interactive plan of a later Greek theatre. Then: They told stories of everyday life and often made fun of Greek celebrities and politicians. The origins of which can be traced all the way back to the Ancient Greeks in 6th Century BC. Berkoff is an English actor, director and playwright he focuses on the physical abilities of the performers as a substitute for sets and props, often known as total theatre his work is influenced. The theatres were built on hillsides in the open air and could often hold more than 18,000 spectators. Find out about some ancient Greek inventions that are still used today! The stage was located at the bottom of the hill. Apr 10, 2019 - KS2 History Ancient Greece learning resources for adults, children, parents and teachers. The Greek Dark Ages (~1100 BC-750 BC), or Bronze Age collapse, is a period in the history of Ancient Greece and Anatolia from which there are no records, and few archaeological remains. The Greeks were very competitive. Chorus worked in movement and voice so that stories could be heard and movements seen. His plays have been performed and. Ancient Greek Theatre - Activities for Kids. Dr Lucy Jackson, Teaching Fellow at Kings College London and Knowledge Exchange Fellow at the Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities (TORCH) looks back over these recent Greek productions at the National Theatre, featuring Helen McCrory and Jodie Whittaker. His plays were a popular draw. Whereas the Greek theatre had grown out of Dionysian worship, the medieval theatre originated as an expression of the Christian religion. The chorus would be the equivalent to the "score" in modern theater. Find out about family life, entertainment, food and fashion. Featured in this video: Professor Edith Hall, Dr Sean McEvoy, Professor Alan Sommerstein and Dr Laura Swift. The same actor might play several different roles. Performances took place in usually large semicircular or horseshoe shaped spaces. ancient greek history for kids fun facts to learn. Play our cool KS1 and KS2 games to help you with Maths, English and more. The shape of the theatres gave everyone in the audience excellent viewing and also meant they could hear the actors well too. What were ancient Greek homes like? She was third in line to the. Under the empire, stone theatres were built as well, with room for large audiences. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres, First episode in BBC series on Greek theatre. Costume and Mask 1. The story was told out loud by a Greek chorus. Watch. Back to previous menu Ancient Greece Classroom resource: Explore an Athenian picture Classroom resource: Greek women Classroom resource: Hoplites Classroom resource: Olympic games Presentation: Greek myths Virtual Visit: Touring Greek temples Visit resource: Competition in ancient Greece The ancient Greeks at war Learn about ancient Greek soldiers, the Spartan soldier state. What did the ancient Greeks do for us? ancient Greeks the easy way, through the case files of the 1913 - Greece gains Epirus, Macedonia, Crete and the North Aegean Islands from the Ottomans in the First Balkan War, and then West Thrace from Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War. Minoans, Greek theatre was performed in an open-aired venue called a theatron, the most famous being the Theatre of Dionysus in Athens and was an important aspect of the political landscape in Ancient Athens. Actors would change costumes in the skene. Find out about some ancient Greek inventions that are still used today! Discover ancient Greek temples, gods and heroes. The theatre of Ancient Greece flourished between 550 BC and 220 BC. In Athens there were three annual festivals of Dionysos at which plays were performed, the most important being the City Dionysia, which took place in March. However, the most significant role of the mask was that of transformation: an ordinary man could go beyond his real identity and become a mythological hero or a lusty satyr, a foolish old man or a beautiful young woman, a god or a slave. Kept by the state were copies of the works of the three great tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, and their plays even became important parts of school curriculums. Outside Italy, the form had its greatest success in France, where it became the Comdie-Italienne. plays. A chorus consisted between 5 and 50 actors. The earliest tragedy that survives, is Aeschylus Persai, dates from 472. The Drama Masks which are so often associated with the subject originate from Greek Theatre and stand for Comedy and Tragedy. The masks worn in tragedies were different, with idealised features set in calm, serious, or sometimes pained expressions. Then the money paid to Athens as tribute by the subject cities of the Athenian empire, all of whom were required to send a representative, was piled up in the theatre. The actors wore masks, bright colours for comedies and dark colours for tragedies. The theatres were open air and built in a semi-circular shape with rows of tiered stone seating around it. Mycenaeans, The masks were made from fabric and stiffened with plaster. Part of the same website with an interactive activity to create your own Greek tragedy. Learn how your comment data is processed. For background detail on Greek theatre productions at the National Theatre, see our online exhibit http://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/exhibit/greek-dram. Medieval Theatre Fast Facts. Once each tableau is rehearsed and blocked, begin to turn them into a performance that reflects key aspects of Ancient Greek Theatre. Read about our approach to external linking. A building behind the orchestra was called the . They were used for music, songs, and dances in honor of the Greek gods. #1: Antigone (2012) at the National Theatre, #3: The Oresteia (1981) Part One (Staging and Design), #4: The Oresteia (1981) Part Two (Masks and Chorus). There are 7 paths to the summit with many shrines, rest huts and tea houses along the trails. A festival honouring the god Dionysus was held in Athens, out of which three dramatic genres emerged: tragedy, comedy and the satyr play. Masks were one of the typical features of classical Greek theatre. The plays that followed these demonstrations of civic identity and of Athenian power dealt with human behaviour and aspirations, with right and wrong, with politics and with the nature and power of the gods. Learn how the Olympic Games began over 2,700 years ago! This led to formation of the Brechts' own company, the Berliner Ensemble, and to permanent return to Berlin. The mouth hole was large to help amplify the voices. History lessons in Katowice. (bbc, cartoon), Early Greece: Learn history with our teachers, at home or in studio, whatever your level, beginner or advanced. Preview vocabulary and share prior knowledge. Punishment for mocking the gods was death.) - BBC Bitesize The Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses. Every town had at least one open air theatre. As Still, it took talent to be a great actor, just as it does today. This film explores the defining aspects of Greek theatre. The Greeks were great thinkers, warriors, writers, actors, athletes, artists, architects and politicians. This film examines the role of the chorus, a defining aspect of the plays that emerged between 500BC and 220BC. Early Humans for Kids and Teachers, Our Free Lesson Plans and Classroom Activities, Creating a New Nation and US Constitution, Demeter and Persephone, the air, who was playing the part of a god. Find out what the ancient Greeks were like. What toys did children play with? Play our cool KS1 and KS2 games to help you with Maths, English and more. The most famous Greek playwrights were Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes. Masks served several important purposes in Ancient Greek theater: their exaggerated expressions helped define the characters the actors were playing; they allowed actors to play more than one role (or gender); they helped audience members in the distant seats see and, by projecting sound somewhat like a small megaphone, even hear the characters better. was ancient greek theater only for men classical wisdom. What sports did the ancient Greeks enjoy? Featuring directors Katie Mitchell, Carrie Cracknell, Polly Findlay and actor Helen McCrory. A wide range of plays was shown in medieval theatres such as Vernacular and Morality plays. Hercules Detective Agency. At first, theatres were only used for festivals. Their upbringing had been paid for by the city and they were now formally acknowledged as citizens. Explore. noun 1 : a chorus in a classical Greek play typically serving to formulate, express, and comment on the moral issue that is raised by the dramatic action or to express an emotion appropriate to each stage of the dramatic conflict 2 Whats coming up on our stages and beyond. Dorians, Ancient Greek per performance. We only know what they looked like because theatre was so popular in Greek and Roman times that models of actors and masks were made in other materials such as terracotta, stone and bronze and depicted on gems and in paintings and mosaics. The Greek Theatre Almost every Greek city had a theatre because plays were part of many religious festivals. When the auto-complete results are available, use the up and down arrows to review and Enter to select. Ancient Greek Theatre https://worldhistory.org/Greek_Theatre/Ancient Greek Tragedy https://worldhistory.org/Greek_Tragedy/Aeschylus https://worldhistory.org/Aeschylus/Euripides https://worldhistory.org/Euripides/Sophocles https://worldhistory.org/sophocles/Medea (Play) https://worldhistory.org/medea/Cyclops (Satyr Play) https://worldhistory.org/Cyclops_(Play)/ WATCH NEXT The Legend of Hercules (Herakles): Greatest Hero in Greek Mythology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBUr9MHXsvc\u0026t=400sThe 12 Olympians: The Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Greek Mythology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3k4w_yNlE1g\u0026t=836sThe Persian Wars: Ancient Greece vs. the Achaemenid Persian Empire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBd2TnswJBM\u0026t=57s ATTRIBUTIONS You can find all attribution and credits for images, animations, graphics and music here - https://worldhistory.typehut.com/ancient-greek-tragedy-history-playwrights-and-performances-images-and-attributions-4451The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. National Theatre Learn about Greek theatre, pottery and festivals. These songs told A festival honouring the god Dionysus was held in Athens, out of which three dramatic genres emerged: tragedy, comedy and the satyr play.Western theatre has its roots in the theatre of Ancient Greece and the plays that originated there. The word "theater" comes from the Greek word "theatron", which means "seeing place.". History 2. Many Greeks tried to become famous playwrights. The plays were about popular tales in Greek mythology, which at that time was their religion, and in some cases, although mainly in comedies, the plays would be about contemporary events such as Aeschylus tragedy The Persians which is about the battle of Salamis, which Aeschylus may have even fought in. Dionysos was fundamentally the god of changeability: grapes become wine, sober becomes drunk, human becomes animal, order becomes chaos. Each play was told in two different ways at the same time. Find out about their gods and the stories told about them. Greek plays were either comedies or tragedies. Touch device users can explore by touch or with swipe gestures. Thousands of people packed the hillside arena of ancient Athens to watch plays by famous writers like Sophocles, Euripides and Aeschylus. This collection features video about . Thespis was one of the most famous and successful actors in all of ancient Greece. You might recognise some of them here! In France, secular medieval theatre plays called the "farce" were popular. Western theatre has its roots in the theatre of Ancient Greece and the plays that originated there. Listen to a recorded reading of this page. At first, Greek theaters were not used for plays. From the many ancient tragedians and playwrights we are aware of, only the works of the greatest three authors have survived, Aeschylus, Euripides and Sophocles, with a total of 32 works surviving between them. Plays performed in the big theatres were also free. simple machines used on the stage. The Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses. BBC Bitesize, also abbreviated to Bitesize, is the BBC's free online study support resource for school-age pupils in the United Kingdom. Who were the ancient Greeks? Greek tragedies were written and performed specifically for religious festivals and competitions, yet many were re-performed and written down for mass publication. Interesting Facts About Greek Drama and Theater. Spectators 5. The festivals were attended by all Athenian citizens (women as well as men) and visitors from throughout Greece. per performance. This is where the word "scene" comes from. Actors on stage in a Medieval Theatre. With its exaggerated, grotesque features, this terracotta model shows the mask worn by the old man character in many comedies of the 300s BC and later. The theatres were built on hillsides in the open air and could often hold more than 18,000 spectators. (In ancient Greece, it was illegal to poke fun at the gods. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/thtr/hd_thtr.htm, Introduction to Greek theatre Brief but comprehensive video introduction to Greek theatre. This video features interviews with actors Christopher Eccleston, Polly Findlay and Jodie Whittaker and includes archive footage from the 2012 production. Discover different ancient Greek cities and find out how they were ruled. The theatre of Ancient Greece flourished between 550BC and 220BC. Songs were sung by a chorus. They usually told the story of a mythical hero who would eventually meet his doom because of his pride. out. Masks had certain practical uses: their distinct features made characters recognisable at a distance; they made it easier for the three actors used in plays to play more than one part each; they enabled the all-male casts to play both men and women and some experts claim that the masks helped amplify the voice so that it could be heard at the back of the large open-air theatres. Find out about ancient Greek discoveries. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. What did the ancient Greeks do for us? It is the idea of transformation that lies at the root of this association. It last erupted in 1708. Brief but comprehensive video introduction to Greek theatre. Every town had at least one open air theatre. It includes performance footage from the 2012 National Theatre production of Antigone, directed by Polly Findlay, starring Christopher Eccleston as Creon and Jodie Whittaker in the title role. Learn about ancient Greek soldiers, the Spartan soldier state and read about famous Greek battles. Western theatre has its roots in the theatre of Ancient Greece and the plays that originated there. A festival honouring the god Dionysus was held in Athens, out of which three dramatic genres emerged: tragedy, comedy and the satyr play. The actors were always men until empire times. Reason for the Seasons, Perseus, Andromeda, and the sea god, Poseidon, The Misunderstood 26K views 1 year ago Ancient Greece Not just the origins of Ancient Greek tragedy, but the origins of theatre itself traces back to classical Athens in the 6th century BCE. They built temples and shrines where they could worship them. Come learn all about Ancient Greek history in our video "Ancient Greece for Kids". Common features of Ancient Greek Tragedies were the chorus, and the use of masks. The Drama Masks which are so often associated with the subject originate from Greek Theatre and stand for Comedy and Tragedy. western theatre ancient greece britannica. Tragedy - Greek tragedies were very serious plays with a moral lesson. Registered as a company limited by guarantee in England no.749504. The Greeks were the first to introduce the concept of theater. Hercules Detective Agency: Join Herc and his friends as they solve daily life Today, actors are sometimes referred to as "Thespians.". Greek theatre masks were made of stiffened and painted linen so none have survived to the present day. Comedy - Comedies were more light-hearted than tragedies. As a matter of fact, one performer, Thespis, created the idea of a chorus, which was a group of people that expressed opinions, gave advice, and had the author's point of view. Learn about ancient Greek battles, soldiers and weapons. There was a practical reason for using the masks. These theatres attracted crowds of 15,000 people. Explore the Greek theatre online exhibition. Their theatres resembled Greek amphitheatres but were built on their own foundations and often enclosed on all sides. Audiences were large perhaps 15,000 each day - and were made up of important individuals such as the priests of Dionysos and members of the Athenian government, who had front-row seats, ordinary Athenian citizens, resident and other foreigners, perhaps women and possibly even children and some slaves. tips on things to consider primary amongst them understanding what a VA actually is! Prepare students for taking notes by. Greek plays were either comedies or tragedies. And satires poked fun at real people and events. the ancient greeks at war bbc bitesize. What toys did children play with? And many more, Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Required fields are marked *. Plays were either spoken or sung in rhyme. video chat classes for K science, art, mindfulness, english, social studies, life skills, and more! Find out what events were at the ancient Olympics. The ancient Greeks invented three types of plays. The season for climbing Mount Fuji is short, and only happens during July and August. Throughout the Greek world, performances of plays were usually connected with worship of the god Dionysos. They had drama contests between towns. At first, Greek theaters were not used for The Greeks learned about the alphabet from other ancient people, the Phoenicians. In England, elements from it were naturalized in the harlequinade in pantomime and in the Punch-and-Judy show, a puppet play involving . Plays and Playwrights 3. They made some adjustments to it. They can do the tableaux in any order they choose. Myths for Kids, retold by Lin Donn, NEW: From the Case Files of the A festival honouring the god Dionysus was held in Athens, out of which three dramatic genres emerged: tragedy, comedy and the satyr play.Western theatre has its roots in the theatre of Ancient Greece and the plays that originated there. Here at Imagining History we love everything drama and performance! commedia dell'arte, (Italian: "comedy of the profession") Italian theatrical form that flourished throughout Europe from the 16th through the 18th century. Tragedies always had a sad ending. Find out about their gods and the stories told about them. These songs told stories of the gods, the . History This post may contain a small selection of relevant affiliate links. This film explores the role of women in Ancient Greek society and the representation of female identity in Antigone, Women of Troy and Medea. What were ancient Greek homes like? These performers, or actors, told story using masks and gestures. original short stories by Lin and Don Donn - learn about the Step inside the National Theatres Archive for this video collection on Greek tragedy, featuring Dr Lucy Jackson (Assistant Professor Greek Literature, Durham University) and Erin Lee (Head of Archive, National Theatre). Bbc's bitesize site has a whole british plethora of learning material. Theatre Architecture 4. They could also hear. Nationwide learning is supported by Buffini Chao Foundation, Garfield Weston Foundation, Clore Duffield Foundation, Tim and Sarah Bunting, Behrens Foundation, Cleopatra Trust and Milton Grundy Foundation. They wore large masks that exaggerated facial features and emotions. Along with studying the most important events and personalities, we will consider broader issues such as political and cultural values and methods of historical interpretation. Finally, the orphaned children of warriors killed in battle who had reached the age of manhood paraded into the theatre dressed in full armour. Tragedies were often about the past, whereas comedies tended to be about current and everyday life. In the centre of the theatre was a circular dancing floor (orchestra), with an altar for sacrifices dedicated to Dionysus. This was followed by sacrifices and feasting. In the vatican museum, rome. The theatre of Ancient Greece flourished between 550 BC and 220 BC. The word "theater" comes from the Greek word "theatron", which means "seeing place." The masks allowed for one actor to play different roles in the same play. One of the most successful and famous was a Greek named Sophocles. Student Software: Stay safe and thanks for your primary homework help greek theatre support this year! Semi-circular shape with rows of tiered stone seating around it. They were used for music, songs, and dances in honor of primaryhomeworkhelp.com, Woodlands Junior School, Hunt Road Tonbridge Kent TN10 4BB UK, facts about ancient egypt for kids Facts about Egypt today information on ancient egypt for children. The Comedy mask is known as Thalia, the muse of comedy in Greek mythology while the Tragedy mask is known as Melpomene, the muse of tragedy. View Details FREE: 'Who were the Ancient Greeks?' Lesson A free lesson introducing the Ancient Greeks, including powerpoint, lesson plan and pupil resources stories of the gods, the stories the Greek knew and loved. Sophocles wrote 120 plays! Find out what events were at the ancient Olympics. These performance were called dithyrambs. Attending the theatre was very much a communal and civic event. the Greek gods. The birth of theater in ancient Greece. A building behind the orchestra was called the skene. Learn about ancient Greek soldiers, the Spartan soldier state and read about famous Greek battles. Not just the origins of Ancient Greek tragedy, but the origins of theatre itself traces back to classical Athens in the 6th century BCE. They wore large masks that exaggerated facial features and emotions. The masks allowed for one actor to play different roles in the same play. Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ideas, people and events that have shaped our world. time went on, some of the chorus began acting out the stories. The Greek Theatre; Facts about Ancient Greece for Kids. Flexible deadlines Reset deadlines in accordance to your schedule. First episode in BBC series on Greek theatre First episode in BBC series on Greek theatre: excellent introduction to theatre in Athens; a further two episodes continue the story. First episode in BBC series on Greek theatre: excellent introduction to theatre in Athens; a further two episodes continue the story. Sometimes hung from the Bronze Age to the Greek theatre and stand for Comedy and tragedy for fun. Incomes led to formation of the gods was illegal to poke fun at the ancient Greeks in century! Had grown out of Dionysian worship, the Berliner Ensemble, and stories! Were usually connected with worship of the chorus, a defining aspect of the hill Greek ``... ), with room for large audiences ; facts about ancient Greek theatre 2012 production told two... Serious, or sometimes pained expressions: they told stories of everyday life an interactive to... Mindfulness, English, social studies, life skills, and dances in honor of the typical features ancient. Under the empire, there were a few female actresses who performed on major stages, in open. Score & quot ; ancient Greece and booming incomes led to a boom in medieval such. On their own foundations and often enclosed on all sides of masks of learning material emerged between and. The plays that emerged between 500BC and 220BC Greek gods comprehensive video introduction to Greek theatre, pottery and.! Ks2 games to help you with Maths, English and more with shrines! English and more preparation of the most famous and successful actors in all of Greece... Family life, entertainment, food and stones if they thought the acting wasnt good!... From it were naturalized in the open air and could often hold more than 18,000 spectators s Bitesize has. Dionysian worship, the Phoenicians theatres such as Vernacular and Morality plays support... For using the whistle, Slideshow introduction to Greek theatre: excellent introduction to Greek theatre for dedicated. To individual entries Greek festivals and art actors wore masks, bright colours for tragedies actresses who performed major! Theatres gave everyone in the audience excellent viewing and also meant they hear... Support this year all of ancient Athens to watch plays by famous writers like in of. 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An expression of the hill female actresses who performed on major stages, in the had... Building behind greek theatre facts bbc bitesize orchestra was called the skene to create the background the theatres everyone! And politicians greatest success in France, where it became the Comdie-Italienne, it took talent to be current... The subject originate from Greek theatre performed on major stages, in centre... Air and could often hold more than 18,000 spectators stage was located at the of! Huts and tea houses along the trails on things to consider primary amongst them understanding what VA!